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Sigmoidoscopy with biopsy

CPT 45331 · negotiated-rate distribution across all hospitals in our coverage

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Hospitals
200
Min
$90
Median
$938.75
Max
$998.5
Range multiplier
11.1×

By payer (50 payers with published rates)

PayerHosp.RatesMinMedianMaxRange×
Blue Cross Blue Shield6024,264$12.6$794.2$16,5521313.7×
UnitedHealthcare7413,491$11.08$912.67$26,7922418.1×
Aetna6502,921$12.13$956.13$11,698964.4×
Cigna5371,823$25.2$1,358.22$9,344370.8×
Medicaid1731,429$7.46$130.65$4,240.1568.4×
Medicare2371,287$45$464.17$3,472.9577.2×
Humana5731,203$19$873.25$8,864466.5×
Multiplan279624$38.82$2,245.3$5,236.34134.9×
Anthem BCBS137616$50.14$1,178.52$7,826156.1×
First Health276586$37.45$2,086.7$5,113.9136.6×
medica50555$42$802.56$2,41557.5×
Molina218476$66.23$845.19$3,61554.6×
WellCare231414$12.6$343.31$2,136.62169.6×
america's ppo23382$34.71$1,666.16$2,598.0874.9×
health partners29372$48.75$765.7$2,852.858.5×
bcbsfl21336$62$70$1,566.7225.3×
Ambetter197315$64.93$1,378.06$2,244.3134.6×
Medicare Advantage68304$67.25$503.55$1,196.0817.8×
medcost62270$71$1,402.99$2,595.1236.6×
upmc health plan80264$70.04$886.42$2,293.832.7×
amerihealth59213$12.6$92.32$2,188.41173.7×
medical mutual of ohio33201$469.6$1,220.1$3,700.577.9×
ucare24196$49.68$886.92$2,085.4642.0×
amerihealth caritas107195$58.06$99.4$2,208.3238.0×
sanford health plan29192$26.9$907.51$1,694.463.0×
security health plan26188$33.34$934.7$2,146.2464.4×
geisinger70183$70.04$101.87$3,524.8750.3×
TRICARE76176$68.77$868.24$2,488.8936.2×
no fault [114001]6168$283.54$283.54$283.541.0×
Emblem Health38152$35.69$987.1$2,677.9975.0×
univera healthcare [100169]6144$58.86$107.34$432.867.4×
private healthcare systems25140$38.82$2,400.4$2,448.5263.1×
wisconsin physician services23136$41.11$2,541.6$2,542.1461.8×
private health care systems64129$444$2,432.93$4,953.611.2×
pa health & wellness59124$106.14$852.28$2,637.0924.8×
ohio health choice33124$167.3$1,688.7$3,908.7723.4×
independent health [100165]6112$125.73$125.73$497.114.0×
intergroup36110$280.8$3,084.8$4,953.617.6×
VA Health37106$61.89$271.89$1,113.9518.0×
Empire BCBS19102$73.85$1,876.8$5,36772.7×
healthsmart46100$94$1,618.5$4,664.9949.6×
alliance3999$58.64$324.66$900.815.4×
itasca medical care2390$48.75$831.15$917.4718.8×
healthcare highways [2210]2389$354$1,187$1,916.945.4×
Health Net2389$75.46$1,737.72$8,108107.4×
primewest2388$48.75$439.14$917.4718.8×
cox health systems insurance company [220]1785$55$65$1,389.8525.3×
allied benefits [498]1785$58$642.06$2,28139.3×
baylor scott & white health plan2184$765.62$1,021.59$1,421.061.9×
excellus bc/bs [2201], bc/bs out of area [2401]384$88.56$291.03$916.9210.4×

By hospital (top 200 by negotiated median, descending)

HospitalCitySTPayersGrossCashNeg minNeg medianNeg max
ST THOMAS HICKMAN HOSPITALCENTERVILLETN1$954.5$998.5$1,467
4434351$954.5$998.5$1,467
PRESENCE SAINTS MARY & ELIZABETH MEDCHICAGOIL7$114.17$998.43$1,952.57
ASCENSION COLUMBIA ST MARYS OZAUKEEMEQUONWI7$1,893$1,003.29$114.17$998.43$1,952.57
ASCENSION COLUMBIA ST MARYS MILWAUKEMILWAUKEEWI7$114.17$998.43$1,952.57
txt:Ascension_Saint_Joseph_-_Chicago_(Presence_Chicago9$950.38$997.9$1,539.62
PRESENCE SAINT JOSEPH HOSP-CHICAGOCHICAGOIL9$950.38$997.9$1,539.62
PRESENCE ST. MARYS HOSPITALKANKAKEEIL9$950.38$997.9$1,539.62
TAWAS ST. JOSEPH HOSPITALTAWASMI9$950.38$997.9$1,539.62
PRESENCE SAINT FRANCIS HOSPITALEVANSTONIL9$950.38$997.9$1,539.62
PRESENCE SAINT JOSEPH HOSPITAL ELGINELGINIL9$950.38$997.9$1,539.62
txt:The_Carle_Foundation_Hospital_-_Rehabilitation_Uni11$2,720$2,720$69.26$996.56$2,312
txt:Carle_Foundation_Hospital11$2,720$2,720$69.26$996.56$2,312
txt:Carle_Health_Pekin_Hospital7$69.26$996.56$2,166.64
txt:Carle_Health_Proctor_Hospital7$71.34$996.56$2,166.64
ALTON MEMORIAL HOSPITALALTONIL36$8,490.9$5,094.54$25$996.56$6,771
CARLE FOUNDATION HOSPITALURBANAIL11$2,720$2,720$69.26$996.56$2,312
txt:Alton_Memorial_Hospital36$8,490.9$5,094.54$25$996.56$6,771
MISSISSIPPI METHODIST REHAB CENTERJACKSONMS7$69.26$996.56$2,166.64
txt:Carle_BroMenn_Medical_Center11$1,944$1,944$69.26$996.56$1,458
txt:Carle_Health_Proctor_Hospital_-_Rehab_Unit7$71.34$996.56$2,166.64
CARLE BROMENN MEDICAL CENTERNORMALIL11$1,944$1,944$69.26$996.56$1,458
txt:Carle_BroMenn_Medical_Center_-_Rehab_Unit11$1,944$1,944$69.26$996.56$1,458
26980336$8,490.9$5,094.54$25$996.56$6,771
txt:Carle_Health_Methodist_Hospital_-_Psych_Unit7$69.26$996.56$2,166.64
txt:Carle_Health_Methodist_Hospital7$69.26$996.56$2,166.64
txt:Carle_Health_Proctor_Hospital_-_Psych_Unit7$71.34$996.56$2,166.64
txt:Monmouth_Medical_Center_Southern_Campus13$4,350$18.49$996.39$4,540
ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON HOSPITAL @ HAMIHAMILTONNJ13$5,110$12.16$996.39$4,408.23
txt:Community_Medical_Center13$3,786$12.41$996.39$4,174
txt:Robert_Wood_Johnson_University_Hospital_Rahway13$4,627$11.08$996.39$3,114
ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON UNIVERSITY HOSPINEW BRUNSWICKNJ13$5,110$12.16$996.39$4,408.23
ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON UNIV HOSP @ SOMSOMERVILLENJ13$6,311$14.45$996.39$9,057
31980113$5,110$12.16$996.39$4,408.23
txt:Robert_Wood_Johnson_University_Hospital_Hamilton13$5,110$12.16$996.39$4,408.23
txt:Robert_Wood_Johnson_University_Hospital_Somerset13$6,311$14.45$996.39$9,057
COMMUNITY MEDICAL CENTERTOMS RIVERNJ13$3,786$12.41$996.39$4,174
txt:CaroMont_Regional_Medical_Center_-_Mount_Holly,_Em26$2,686$2,686$325.38$994.3$4,278
txt:Sisters_of_Charity_Hospital_-_St._Joseph_Campus40$575.7$575.7$35.69$99.38$606.98
txt:Sisters_of_Charity_Hospital40$575.7$575.7$35.69$99.38$606.98
NORTH CAROLINA BAPTIST HOSPITALWINSTON-SALEMNC22$2,986$1,493$502.84$988.37$4,086
txt:Atrium_Health_Wake_Forest_Baptist_Medical_Center_w22$2,986$1,493$502.84$988.37$4,086
txt:WellSpan_Gettysburg_Hospital23$283.75$985$6,420
BAYLOR S&W MEDICAL CENTER - IRVINGIRVINGTX15$328.5$982.14$4,042
txt:Atrium_Health_Pineville28$2,703.25$1,351.63$57.49$981.28$2,486.99
ATRIUM HEALTH PINEVILLECHARLOTTENC28$2,703.25$1,351.63$57.49$981.28$2,486.99
txt:Atrium_Health_Steele_Creek_Emergency_Department,_a28$2,703.25$1,351.63$57.49$981.28$2,486.99
txt:Atrium_Health_Ballantyne_Emergency_Department,_a_f28$2,703.25$1,351.63$57.49$981.28$2,486.99
txt:Atrium_Health_Providence_Emergency_Department,_a_f28$2,703.25$1,351.63$57.49$981.28$2,486.99
txt:Ascension_Alexian_Brothers_(Alexian_Brothers_Medic12$902.86$978.89$1,663.16
txt:Ascension_Saint_Alexius_(Ascension_St._Alexius_Med12$902.86$978.89$1,682.17
ST. VINCENTS ST. CLAIRPELL CITYAL12$902.86$978.89$1,682.17
txt:Ascension_Saint_Alexius_Women_And_Children's_Hospi12$902.86$978.89$1,682.17
ST. ALEXIUS MEDICAL CENTERHOFFMAN ESTATESIL12$902.86$978.89$1,682.17
txt:Ascension_Alexian_Brothers_Rehabilitation_Hospital12$902.86$978.89$1,663.16
ALEXIAN BROTHERS MEDICAL CENTERELK GROVE VILLAGEIL12$902.86$978.89$1,663.16
txt:WellSpan_Ephrata_Community_Hospital21$880.53$970$6,420
LAKEVIEW MEMORIALSTILLWATERMN7$3,925$1,452.25$8.66$967.09$3,532.5
ST ELIZABETH COMMUNITY HOSPTIALRED BLUFFCA7$144.02$964.55$964.55
MERCY MEDICAL CENTER MERCEDMERCEDCA9$116.04$963.51$11,205
FAIRVIEW NORTHLAND REGPRINCETONMN17$2,824.61$1,132.67$48.75$961.96$2,872
FAIRVIEW LAKES REGIONAL MEDICAL CTRWYOMINGMN17$2,824.61$1,132.67$48.75$961.96$2,872
txt:M_Health_Fairview_Lakes_Medical_Center17$2,824.61$1,132.67$48.75$961.96$2,872
txt:M_Health_Fairview_Northland_Medical_Center17$2,824.61$1,132.67$48.75$961.96$2,872
45980816$328.5$961.24$4,042
BAYLOR UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CTRDALLASTX16$328.5$961.24$4,042
txt:BAYLOR_UNIVERSITY_MEDICAL_CENTER16$328.5$961.24$4,042
REGIONS HOSPITALST PAULMN7$1,194$310.44$342.18$959.16$1,869
txt:Regions_Hospital7$1,194$310.44$342.18$959.16$1,869
SOUTHERN REGIONAL MEDICAL CENTERRIVERDALEGA26$2,001.25$928$561.72$956.05$2,001.25
09980014$662.16$954.83$3,221.84
WASHINGTON HOSPITAL CENTERWASHINGTONDC14$662.16$954.83$3,221.84
GRAND ITASCA CLINIC AND HOSPITALGRAND RAPIDSMN15$2,824$1,200.2$48.75$953.05$7,269.12
txt:Grand_Itasca_Clinic_and_Hospital15$2,824$1,200.2$48.75$953.05$7,269.12
txt:HealthEast_Woodwinds_Hospital17$2,824.61$1,132.67$48.75$952.89$2,872
txt:M_Health_Fairview_University_of_Minnesota_Masonic_23$2,824.61$1,132.67$48.75$951.44$2,872
txt:M_Health_Fairview_University_of_Minnesota_Medical_23$2,824.61$1,132.67$48.75$951.44$2,872
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA MEDICAL CTRMINNEAPOLISMN23$2,824.61$1,132.67$48.75$951.44$2,872
24980423$2,824.61$1,132.67$48.75$951.44$2,872
ST. MARY MEDICAL CENTERAPPLE VALLEYCA11$124.33$951.26$5,237
txt:UPMC_Community_Osteopathic12$85.95$950.64$2,656.5
txt:UPMC_Harrisburg12$85.95$950.64$2,656.5
txt:UPMC_West_Shore12$85.95$950.64$2,656.5
UPMC PINNACLE HOSPITALSHARRISBURGPA12$85.95$950.64$2,656.5
39020612$85.95$950.64$2,656.5
UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT MEDICAL CENTERBURLINGTONVT17$3,241$3,241$57.38$950.1$3,190.44
ST. BERNARDINE MEDICAL CENTERSAN BERNARDINOCA11$130.65$948.73$17,142
txt:UPMC_St._Margaret12$3,108$1,864.8$70.04$947.44$3,281.43
UPMC ST MARGARETPITTSBURGHPA12$3,108$1,864.8$70.04$947.44$3,281.43
txt:Amarillo_Surgical_and_Endoscopy78$2,423$1,817.25$807.59$944.97$1,817.25
COMMUNITY HOSPITAL OF SAN BERNARDINOSAN BERNARDINOCA13$130.65$943.44$8,054
BORGESS-PIPP HEALTH CENTERPLAINWELLMI12$915.16$942.61$11,584
ASCENSION BORGESS-LEE HOSPITALDOWAGIACMI12$915.16$942.61$11,584
ASCENSION PROVIDENCE ROCHESTER HOSPIROCHESTERMI12$915.16$942.61$11,584
ASCENSION STANDISH HOSPITALSTANDISHMI12$915.16$942.61$11,584
ST. MARYS SACRED HEART HOSPITALLAVONIAGA12$915.16$942.61$11,584
ASCENSION ALLEGAN HOSPITALALLEGANMI12$915.16$942.61$11,584
PROVIDENCE HOSPITALMOBILEAL12$915.16$942.61$11,584
GENESYS REGIONAL MEDICAL CTR.GRAND BLANCMI12$915.16$942.61$11,584
ASCENSION BORGESS HOSPITALKALAMAZOOMI12$915.16$942.61$11,584
ALTOONA REGIONAL HEALTH SYSTEMALTOONAPA12$2,432$1,459.2$63.67$938.75$1,945.6
UPMC CHILDRENS HOSPITAL OF PGHPITTSBURGHPA12$2,432$1,459.2$63.67$938.75$1,945.6
UPMC MAGEE-WOMENS HOSPITALPITTSBURGHPA12$2,432$1,459.2$63.67$938.75$1,945.6
txt:UPMC_Altoona12$2,432$1,459.2$63.67$938.75$1,945.6
39980312$2,432$1,459.2$63.67$938.75$1,945.6
39980912$2,432$1,459.2$63.67$938.75$1,945.6
THE CHILDRENS HOME OF PITTSBURGHPITTSBURGHPA12$2,432$1,459.2$63.67$938.75$1,945.6
ST LUKES HOSPITAL AT THE VINTAGEHOUSTONTX18$287.68$937.17$4,487
txt:Claiborne_Medical_Center24$45$936.19$2,244
txt:Cumberland_Medical_Center,_Inc.24$45$936.19$2,244
txt:LeConte_Medical_Center24$45$936.19$2,244
GREAT PLAINS OF OTTAWA COUNTY INCMINNEAPOLISKS23$896.86$933.46$11,236
ASCENSION ST. VINCENT DUNNBEDFORDIN23$896.86$933.46$11,236
ST. VINCENTS EASTBIRMINGHAMAL23$896.86$933.46$11,236
RANGE REGIONAL HEALTH SERVICESHIBBINGMN15$2,824$1,200.2$48.75$933.27$12,335
txt:Memorial_Hospital_Shiloh35$5,780.61$3,468.37$48.5$931.46$6,771
txt:Memorial_Hospital35$5,780.61$3,468.37$48.5$931.46$6,771
BARNES JEWISH ST. PETERS HOSPITALST. PETERSMO36$5,786.11$3,471.67$48.5$931.46$6,771
txt:Barnes_Jewish_St._Peters_Hospital36$5,786.11$3,471.67$48.5$931.46$6,771
PROGRESS WEST HOSPITALOFALLONMO36$2,945.51$1,767.31$48.5$931.46$6,771
MEMORIAL HOSPITAL EASTSHILOHIL35$5,780.61$3,468.37$48.5$931.46$6,771
txt:Progress_West_Hospital36$2,945.51$1,767.31$48.5$931.46$6,771
BAYLOR SCOTT & WHITE MC- LAKE POINTEROWLETTTX16$328.5$931.31$4,042
CENTENNIAL MEDICAL CENTERFRISCOTX16$328.5$931.31$4,042
KAHUKU MEDICAL CENTERKAHUKUHI6$65.59$930.71$930.71
5200944$926.48$926.48$1,297.07
txt:Ascension_All_Saints_Hospital_-_Spring_Street_Camp4$926.48$926.48$1,297.07
WHEATON FRANCISCAN HEALTHCARE - ALLRACINEWI4$926.48$926.48$1,297.07
EMERALD COAST BEHAVIORAL HOSPITALPANAMA CITYFL14$915.16$924.31$11,698
GARDEN CITY HOSPITAL OSTEOPATHICGARDEN CITYMI19$6,000$922$494.47$922.47$1,429.83
BAYLOR S&W ALL SAINTS MEDICAL CENTERFORT WORTHTX16$328.5$922.38$4,042
45982216$328.5$922.38$4,042
PARK NICOLLET METHODIST HOSPITALST. LOUIS PARKMN8$2,983$775.58$482$922.27$2,237.25
txt:Methodist_Hospital8$2,983$775.58$482$922.27$2,237.25
txt:M_Health_Fairview_Ridges_Hospital17$2,824.61$1,200.46$48.75$921.69$2,872
HEALTHEAST ST JOSEPHS HOSPITALST PAULMN17$2,824.61$1,200.46$48.75$921.69$2,872
HEALTHEAST ST JOHNS HOSPITALMAPLEWOODMN17$2,824.61$1,200.46$48.75$921.69$2,872
M HEALTH FAIRVIEW BETHESDA HOSPITALST PAULMN17$2,824.61$1,200.46$48.75$921.69$2,872
FAIRVIEW RIDGES HOSPITALBURNSVILLEMN17$2,824.61$1,200.46$48.75$921.69$2,872
HEALTHEAST WOODWINDS HOSPITALWOODBURYMN17$2,824.61$1,200.46$48.75$921.69$2,872
CHI ST LUKES HEALTH BAYLOR MED CTRHOUSTONTX17$287.68$919.15$4,487
txt:UPMC_Memorial11$80.86$917.95$3,397
MEMORIAL HOSPITALYORKPA11$80.86$917.95$3,397
txt:UPMC_Lititz10$80.86$916.38$3,397
UPMC LITITZLITITZPA10$80.86$916.38$3,397
txt:Roper_Hospital3$11,428$6,857.04$882.03$912.91$926.14
txt:Roper_St_Francis_Mt_Pleasant3$7,370.45$4,422.27$882.03$912.91$926.14
IVINSON MEMORIAL HOSPITALLARAMIEWY1$911.71$911.71$911.71
FAIRVIEW SOUTHDALE HOSPITALEDINAMN17$2,824.61$1,132.67$26.9$907.51$2,762
txt:M_Health_Fairview_Southdale_Hospital17$2,824.61$1,132.67$26.9$907.51$2,762
UPMC JAMESONNEW CASTLEPA13$3,121$1,872.6$70.04$906.76$2,746.48
txt:UPMC_Jameson13$3,121$1,872.6$70.04$906.76$2,746.48
BON SECOURS ST. FRANCIS XAVIER HOSPICHARLESTONSC3$10,021$6,012.69$870.46$900.93$913.99
ROPER ST. FRANCIS MT PLEASANT HOSPITMT. PLEASANTSC3$10,021$6,012.69$870.46$900.93$913.99
BON SECOURS DEPAUL MEDICAL CENTERNORFOLKVA3$10,021$6,012.69$870.46$900.93$913.99
txt:Duncan_Regional_Hospital13$1,858.8$42$90$5,664.44
WRMC HOSPITAL OPERATING CORPORATIONNORTH WILKESBORONC1$896.92$896.92$896.92
txt:Atrium_Health_Wake_Forest_Baptist_Health_Wilkes_Me1$896.92$896.92$896.92
ST. LUKES PATIENTS MEDICAL CENTERPASADENATX14$2,451$857.85$273.3$895$4,487
txt:Henry_Ford_Warren_Hospital19$172.09$893.28$1,697.23
txt:Henry_Ford_St_John_Hospital20$172.09$893.28$1,697.23
txt:Henry_Ford_Providence_Southfield_Hospital24$193.68$893.28$1,232.73
txt:Henry_Ford_River_District_Hospital20$172.09$893.28$1,697.23
txt:Henry_Ford_Rochester_Hospital14$482.37$893.28$1,697.23
txt:Henry_Ford_Providence_Novi_Hospital24$193.68$893.28$1,232.73
txt:UPMC_Carlisle12$80.86$890.91$3,397
UPMC CARLISLECARLISLEPA12$80.86$890.91$3,397
UPMC HANOVERHANOVERPA12$80.86$889.69$3,397
txt:UPMC_Hanover12$80.86$889.69$3,397
txt:Karmanos_Cancer_Institute10$6,981.78$3,490.89$498.71$889.56$5,236.34
ANIMAS SURGICAL HOSPITALDURANGOCO10$1,559.78$377.57$889.46$1,559.78
MCLAREN FLINTFLINTMI26$6,749.25$3,374.63$46.22$889.17$2,856.51
PERRY HOSPITALPERRYGA10$1,639.36$728.6$888.9$2,898
txt:CHI_Health_Mercy_Corning18$2,228$1,069.44$359.48$888.66$2,183.44
CHI HEALTH MERCY CORNINGCORNINGIA18$2,228$1,069.44$359.48$888.66$2,183.44
txt:Lasting_Hope_Recovery_Center19$17$888.52$3,259.25
txt:CHI_Health_Immanuel20$14$888.52$3,259.25
CHI HEALTH MERCY COUNCIL BLUFFSCOUNCIL BLUFFSIA20$15$888.52$3,259.25
txt:CHI_Health_Lakeside20$16$888.52$3,259.25
txt:CHI_Health_Midlands20$18$888.52$3,259.25
CHI HEALTH-CREIGHTON UNIV MED CENTEROMAHANE20$17$888.52$3,259.25
txt:CHI_Health_Mercy_Council_Bluffs20$15$888.52$3,259.25
CRANE COUNTY HOSPITAL DISTRICTCRANETX2$1,433$1,003$874$887$1,290
MT. SAN RAFAEL HOSPITALTRINIDADCO2$1,433$1,003$874$887$1,290
txt:HealthEast_St._John's_Hospital17$2,824.61$1,132.67$48.75$886.9$2,872
txt:UPMC_Washington8$73.22$886.59$2,004.57
THE WASHINGTON HOSPITALWASHINGTONPA8$73.22$886.59$2,004.57
WHS - GREENEWAYNESBURGPA8$73.22$886.59$2,004.57
WFHC - ELMBROOK MEMORIALBROOKFIELDWI4$885.29$885.29$1,239.41
txt:Ascension_St._Francis_Hospital,_Inc.4$885.29$885.29$1,239.41
ASCENSION WISCONSIN EMERUS MENOMONEEMENOMONEE FALLSWI4$885.29$885.29$1,239.41
WHEATON FRANCISCAN - FRANKLINFRANKLINWI4$885.29$885.29$1,239.41
MOSHFRANKLINWI4$885.29$885.29$1,239.41
ASCENSION SE WISCONSIN HOSPITAL INCMILWAUKEEWI4$885.29$885.29$1,239.41
txt:Atrium_Health_Wake_Forest_Baptist_Davie_Medical_Ce11$882.55$882.55$3,227
DAVIE MEDICAL CENTERBERMUDA RUNNC11$882.55$882.55$3,227
txt:UTHealth_East_Texas_Jacksonville9$3,527$352.7$881.75$881.75$1,968.07
txt:CHI_Health_St._Elizabeth17$23$879.93$6,169
ROPER ST. FRANCIS HOSPITAL-BERKELEYSUMMERVILLESC2$10,230$6,138.14$878.27$878.27$922.19
ROPER HOSPITAL INC.CHARLESTONSC2$10,230$6,138.14$878.27$878.27$922.19

Median is taken across all payer × plan combinations the hospital publishes. Cash and gross are the latest snapshot values. Range multiplier (max ÷ min) is a quick way to see which hospitals or payers vary the most.